The most advanced destroyers of World War II—ships that, had the war continued, would have been in the forefront during battles vs. suicide planes in an assault on Japan—were the 2200- and 2250-tonners of the Allen M. Sumner and Gearing classes. Their common design

Barton, the first Allen M. Sumner completed, on trials, 29 December 1943. Click on any image to view it in more detail.

characteristics were particularly forward-looking, anticipating the deployment of radar and the availability of increased firepower that

More: a comprehensive look at …Sumner-Gearing-Class Destroyers: Their Design, Weapons, and Equipment by Robert F. Sumrall.

only a dual-purpose 5-inch/38 cal. gun in a twin mount could provide.
   Even before construction of the preceding Fletcher class commenced, the Navy was considering a design that could accommodate such increased armament. Impetus for the new design appeared in 1940, when a report on Gleaves’ sea trials called for reduced silhouette and topweight forward in future construction, e.g., “by substituting a twin 5-inch mount on the forecastle in lieu of the two forward single 5-inch mounts ... .” There followed a reassessment of the “distribution of the total weight of the armament, as between torpedoes, 5-inch guns, depth charges, and close-in AA defense ... to disperse the risks of damage and minimize the ill effects of any single hit and gain maximum sectors of effective fire ... .”
   In September 1941, with the first Fletchers already laid down, six new designs were proposed utilizing the same 2100-ton displacement. Bureau of Ships’ recommendation looked ahead to future “improvements in antiaircraft fire which the introduction of radar promises. If air targets can be brought under effective fire by 5-inch guns early, the provision of four such guns on the forecastle becomes increasingly attractive ... .”
   In early 1942, conferences held under Chief of Naval Operations Adm. Ernest J. King affirmed that forward firepower was “by all

One hundred sixty-eight Allen M. Sumners and Gearings were completed, the last one in 1952.

means the most desirable main battery for a destroyer of this size ...” with the No. 3 five-inch mount capable of firing directly forward over the mast at long range. This concept, which the basic ten-tube Fletcher design could accommodate with only slight increases in beam and displacement, became the DD 692 class—the Allen M. Sumners—and its extended-hull variant, the DD 710 class—the Gearings.
   In 1943, selected yards began changing over production from Fletchers to Sumners; likewise in 1944, Sumners were superseded on the ways by Gearings. By VJ Day, exactly 100 ships of these new classes—55 Sumners and 45 Gearings—plus an additional 12 Robert H. Smith-class destroyer-minelayers, had been commissioned.